Judicial System In India.
The Indian Judiciary is partly a continuation of the British legal system established by the English in the mid-19th century based on a typical hybrid legal system in which customs and legislative law have validity of law. There are various levels of judiciary in India – different types of courts, each with varying powers depending on the tier and jurisdiction bestowed upon them. The Indian judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches government according to the Constitution.
Composition of Supreme Court.
The Constitution originally provided for 1 Chief Justice Of India and not more than 6 other judges. The Constitution authorises the Parliament to provide by law fixing the Strength of the Supreme Court. The Parliament passed the Supreme Court ( Number of Judges) thus accordingly, a Constitutional Amendment Act in 2008 has increased the Strength of Supreme Court to 31 (1 chief justice + 30 other judges).
Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court.
• A person must be a citizen of India.
• He/She must have been, for at least 5 years, a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession.
• Or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession for at least 10 years.
• Or the person must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
Appointment of Judges of Supreme Court.
While appointing the chief justice of India the President may consult such judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts as he deems considers it necessary.
Jurisdiction and Powers of Supreme Court.
The jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court can be classified into the following:
1. Original Jurisdiction : As a federal court, the Supreme court decides the disputes between different units of the Indian Federation.
(a) The centre and one or more states.
(b) The centre and any state or states on one side and one or more states on the other
(c) Between two or more states.
2. Writ Jurisdiction : The Supreme Court is empowered to issue writs including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of an aggrieved citizen.
3. Appellate Jurisdiction : It enjoys a wide appellate jurisdiction on
(a) Appeals in constitutional matters.
(b) Appeals In criminal matters
(c) Appeals in civil matters
(d) Appeals by special leave.
4. Advisory Jurisdiction : The Constitution (Article 143) authorises the president to seek the opinion of the Supreme court in the two categories of matter :
(a) On any question of law or fact of public importance which has arisen or which is likely to arise.
(b) On any dispute arising out of any pre-constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement.
5. A Court of Record : The judgments, proceedings and Acts of the Supreme Court are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony.
6. Power of Judicial Review : Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Court to examine the constitutionally legislative enactments and executive orders of both the Central and state governments.
High Courts.
There are 24 High Courts at the state level. Constitution of India mandates that they are bound by the judgments and orders of the Supreme Court . These courts have jurisdiction over a state, a union territory or a group of states and Union territories. Below the High Courts are a hierarchy of subordinate courts such as the civil courts, family courts, criminal courts and various other district courts. High courts are Instituted as constitutional courts under Article 214 of the Constitution.
District Courts of India .
The District Courts of India are established by the State Governments in India for every district or for one or more districts together taking into account the number of cases, population distribution in the district. They administer justice in India at a district level.
How to make India ‘Cashless India’ ?
How to make India ‘Cashless India’ ?
INTRODUCTION
In order to curb the circulation of fake currency notes and black money, the honorable PM of India, Mr. Narendra Modi abruptly announced in the beginning of the second week of November, 2016 that the scrapping of Rs.500 and Rs.1,000 notes is to be taken place in India in no time. The schemes “Make In India” and “Digital India” were the two other successful schemes launched by the Modi government during 2014 and 2015 respectively. Soon after a few days of implementation of the demonetization scheme by the government, Mr. Narendra Modi came out with a new scheme of making India a cashless country for the addressing the same issues.
BARRIERS IN THE WAY OF MAKING INDIA A CASHLESS NATION
There some hindrances that need to be taken care of to make India’s economy a cashless one. Let us have look at some of the issues that the government of the country needs to address to make India go cashless.
1) About one-fifth of India’s population is under the BPL and they lack adequate access to the basic necessities. Carrying out cashless transactions is too hi fi, a thing to be expected from them.
2) Too much paper work goes on in any government office like Passport office, Income Tax department, post office, etc. People working in those places are unwilling to work with modern technologies.
3)There is no electrification in many villages in India. Without electrification, how can one have access to the internet. If one has no connectivity with the world wide web, there is no scope to carry out a cash-less transaction.
4) E-wallets of several e-commerce entities provide customers with cash back facilities on making purchases. Promotion of e-wallets like M-pesa ,Paytm wallet, etc is yet to be carried out on a mass scale.
5) Payments through debit cards, credit cards, internet banking facilities sometimes are associated with surcharges, service charges, etc. Withdrawal or removal of these burdens are to be carried out.
6) It is to be guaranteed that there is high availability of internet and one can undertake transactions in a secured manner. The government has to develop confidence among the masses on the internet by imposing a strong check on the cyber crimes issues.
7) The vendors who are accepting or willing to accept payments via electronic means should be rewarded by the government through provision of tax benefits. This sort of incentive is surely going to encourage lots of business houses to have their online presence.
8) The late teenagers and the youth are the people who opt for cash-less transactions more than others. In order to make India cash-less, people of all ages are required to become tech savvy which is quite a difficult issue to address.
9) Most of the banks are having their presence only in urban and semi-urban areas. One can hardly find a substantial number of banks carrying out their operations in rural areas. If people residing in villages are not having their accounts in banks, it is impossible for them to carry out transactions via electronic means.
10) The government is yet to eradicate the social evils like illiteracy and unemployment from the country. If a person is illiterate or unemployed it is not possible for him/her to do something for his/her living. If there is no earning, a person cannot get any access to gadgets via which he/she can carry out cash-less transactions.
Conclusion on Cashless India
In India, only 5% of transactions in the economy is being taken place through electronic means. The Modi government is planning to make India a cash-less nation soon as a measure to address the issues of black money, fake currency notes, tax evasion, etc. It is highly probable that Goa is going to become the first state in the country to become cashless from December 31st of the current year. Making India a cashless nation is going to take a lot of time to make it happen. None of the country across the world has reached the aim of total cashless services. The target is even tough for a developing country like India to achieve.
History of Mughal Empire in India
History of Mughal Empire in India
The Mughal Empire was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, established and ruled by a Muslim Persianate reign of Chagatai Turco-Mongol origin that extended over big parts of the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan.
Establishment of Mughal Empire
The establishment of the empire is predictably dated to the founder Babur’s triumph over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal Empire did not aim to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather evenhanded and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more logical, federal, and uniform regulation.
Mughal architecture
The reign (1628–58) of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best acknowledged of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial area during the sovereignty of Aurangzeb and also started its incurable decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji Bhosale.
Founder of Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol defeater Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father’s side and from Chagatai, the succeeding son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother’s side. Babur’s military occupied much of northern India after his success at Panipat in 1526.
Akbar’s son, Jahangir, ruled the empire at its peak, but he was addicted to opium, mistreated the affairs of the state, and came under the manipulation of opponent court cliques. During the reign of Jahangir’s son, Shah Jahan, the culture and splendor of the lavish Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. The protection of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue.
Historians have presented numerous explanations for the speedy crumple of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of escalation and prosperity. The emperor lost ability, as the extensively scattered imperial officers lost assurance in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men. The majestic army, bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive Marathas, lost its fighting strength. Then arrived a series of violent political feuds over power of the throne. Since the 1970s historians have taken manifold approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was overriding. The psychological interpretations highlight depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge.
A major Mughal contribution to the Indian subcontinent was their inimitable architecture. Many monuments were built by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, during the Mughal era including the UNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, which is known to be one of the greatest examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sites include Humayun’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, the Red Fort, the Agra Fort, and the Lahore Fort
The palaces, tombs, and forts built by the dynasty situate today in Agra, Aurangabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri, Jaipur, Lahore, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.
Although Persian was the dominant and “official” language of the empire, the language of the elite later evolved into a form known as Urdu.
The Indian economy remained as flourishing under the Mughals as it was, because of the construction of a road system and a standardized currency, together with the unification of the country. Manufactured goods and peasant-grown cash crops were sold all throughout the world. Main industries included shipbuilding (the Indian shipbuilding industry was as superior as the European, and Indians sold ships to European firms), textiles, and steel.
Mughal astronomers continued to make advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. Humayun built a special observatory near Delhi. The instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from the Islamic tradition. In particular, one of the most extraordinary astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the seamless celestial globe.
Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, prepared a volley gun.
Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans principally against War elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal.
In the year 1657, the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar. Prince Aurangzeb’s forces released rockets and grenades while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was severely wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard struggle Bidar was captured by the victorious Mughals.
Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. Hyder Ali’s father Fatah Muhammadthe constable at Budikote commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. Hyder Ali realised the significance of rockets and introduced highly developed versions of metal cylinder rockets. These rockets turned fortunes in favor of the Sultanate of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, mainly during theBattle of Pollilur.
This era contributed significantly towards the architecture, technology and astronomy sector. It gave the country a lot of things that we still cherish.
Study in Canada! How and Why?
Questions:
- Why should I study in Canada?
- What will be my future after studying in Canada?
- What are the benefits of getting education from Canada?
- What is the standard of education in Canada?
- How can I apply for study in Canada?
- What is the ranking of Canadian colleges.universities?
- From where I can get information about study in Canada?
- What are the opportunities for foreign students in Canada?
- Is there any scholarship for studying in Canada?
Overview
Canada is a country with a lot of natural resources and blessings. It has Pacific Ocean in the west, Atlantic Ocean in the east and Arctic Ocean in the north. It touches the border of United States in the south and in the Northwest. Canada is blessed with four seasons: summer, autumn, winter and spring. This second largest country of the world is enriched with natural beauty and landscape: high mountains, deep forests, beautiful lakes, frozen lands, perfect flora and fauna, thus every beauty of the nature can be found in Canada. The capital of Canada is Ottawa, which includes in most developed cities of the world. Peoples from different religions and ethnic groups are living in Canada. The currency of Canada is Canadian dollar, and one Canadian dollar is equal to 50,02 INR.
Apply to Canadian Colleges
Canada is a country with a number of best colleges and universities. Applying to Canadian colleges is very easy and the students just have to follow a simple procedure.
- Select a subject of your interest
- Search for Canadian colleges/universities that are best in that specific subject
- Select 2 or 3 colleges/universities
- Check the procedure and schedule of admission
- Apply for admission by completing all the requirements of admission
- Wait for the response but do not waste time and continue completing your documents like passport etc and gather Visa information
- After confirmation of admission, apply for Study Visa
- Inform university/college, and plan your arrival
You must try for admission in 2 or 3 colleges/ universities at a time so if you are rejected from one college/university, then you have a chance of getting admission in other.
Cost of study
The cost of study in Canada is very reasonable than other developed countries. You need to spend 15,000 to 30,000 Canadian dollars to study in Canada. Different colleges and universities have different fee structure according to the degree and field of study. For example, the cost of undergraduate studies in Ontario ranges from $9,107 to 25,800, while the cost of study in Manitoba ranges from $6,050 to 13,417. Students can also apply for scholarships to meet the cost of study. There are many scholarships available for study in Canada offered by Canadian government, some Canadian colleges/universities and some national or international scholarships. You can update yourself with the latest scholarships .
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Employment prospectus
Canada is in the top list of developed countries and offers a number of job opportunities in different fields of life. National international firms and multinational companies are working in Canada which provides the big job opportunities every year. IF you are a student in Canada and passing through the last procedures of degree completion then you should keep yourself update about jobs. Canadian degree is acceptable all over the world and implements a very good impact on a student’s career. If you have completed your study from Canada then you have a 100% chance of getting job instantly in your own country and of you want to do job in Canada then you must keep yourself update about recent job openings.
Canadian Visa and Immigration
The process of getting Canadian Visa and immigration is very flexible than getting immigration or Visa of other countries. Canada welcomes the people from any region of the world, without following strict laws. The native population of Canada is very less therefore Canada is a mixture of different religions and ethnic groups. Therefore the process of getting Canadian Visa and immigration is easy and less time consuming. If you are going to Canada for study then you should apply for Study Visa so that you can get benefits of being a student. All the information about Canadian Visa and immigrations can be gathred by following these links.
Embassy Details
Canada and India has very close relations and strong basis of friendship. There is a strong people to people relationship between India and Canada. The high commission of Canada (embassy) is located in New Delhi Punjab while sub-offices are also present in some other parts of the country. All the details about Visa and immigration can also be gathered from Canadian Embassy India. The phone number of Canadian embassy India is 91 (11) 4178-2000.
- Official website of Canadian High commission India
Life at Canada
Canada is a country where you can enjoy all the facilities of life because it provides a very reasonable lifestyle. Anyone can enjoy life according to his own prospectus, there is no restriction about religion or sect in Canada, and so you just have to follow some rules and regulations to enjoy every color of life. Toronto is the biggest city of Canada which includes in ten most economically powerful cities of the world. If you visit Canada, you may feel it as your second homeland. You can find information about residence, hotels and food points of Canada.
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Colleges/Universities in Canada
The best international universities/colleges are the asset of Canada. According to QS rankings, Canadian universities come in the top lists. If you want to get information about schools and colleges in Canada.
The University of Toronto with a global score of 81.1, University of British Columbia with a score of 74.4, McGill University with a global score of 71.6 and University of Alberta with a global score of 65.1 are the top universities of Canada.
Consultants for Canada
When you have to get important information about Canadian Visa or you have to search for suitable college/university of Canada in your favor then you may have to consult some educated experienced person or company to get valid information. But you should use a proper channel and registered consultant. The best way is to contact embassy but in case you cannot contact embassy then you have to contact some consultants.
Western India Geography , Essay , Article , Tradition
Western India Geography , Essay , Article , Tradition
Western India is unique in its own way and has a huge variety in almost everything. It is a place full of ethnicity and varied cuisines.
States and Union Territories Covered Under Western India
Western India comprise of the states of Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra, along with the Union territory of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli of India. More or less, western India is bound by the Thar Desert in the northwest, the Vindhya Range in the north and the Arabian Sea in the west. A large segment of Western India shares the Deccan Plateau with South India.
Gujarat (Essay on Gujarat)
A division of Gujarat was the spot of Indus Valley Civilization. Sites have been revealed in Gujarat at Lothal, Surkotada, and in the region of Ghaggar, a river in Rajasthan. The Western Indian area was ruled by the Rashtrakuta Empire, the Maurya Kingdom, Gurjars, Rajputs, Satavahanas, Western Satraps, Indo Greeks, Kadambas etc. in the ancient era.The province consists of the predominantly arid to semi-arid region of Saurashtra and Kutch in the North. The south of Cambay and Southern Gujarat makes the northern semi arid region and the southern humid region submerge, though this region itself being the humid to sub humid.Gujarati cuisine is utterly vegetarian. Gujarat is one of three states in India, with prohibition on alcohol, along with Mizoram and Manipur.
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Maharashtra ( Essay on Maharashtra )
The states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa are culturally diverse and individual. Maharashtrian traditions are derived from the ancient Hindu Vedic culture influenced acutely by the Maratha Empire. Maharashtrians take great pride in the Maratha Empire, and many places in Maharashtra are named after the founder of the Empire, Shivaji. Marathi literature and cinema are admired in the state as well as across India. Bollywood has had a massive impact on the lifestyle and ethnicity of this part of India as the industry is primarily located in Mumbai.
Goa ( Essay on Goa )
Goan custom is a unique blend of Indian and Portuguese cultures. The state is popular amongst tourists for its beaches, cuisine, temples, churches and architecture. The Churches and Convents of Goa have been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Religions of Western India
The majority follows Hinduism and there are significant minority who pursue Islam and a smaller figure who follow Christianity. There is also a little number of indigenous Jews called the Bene Israel who speak Marathi. The Parsees who settled in Gujarat made Mumbai and Surat their residence. Considerable percentages of Jains and Buddhists can be discovered too. Most Christians reside in the state of Goa.
Cuisines of Western India
The cuisine of Western India is diverse. Maharashtrian cuisine is varied and ranges from bland to fiery hot. Pohay,Shrikhand, Pav Bhaji, Vada Pav are some fine examples of Maharashtrian cuisine. Goan cuisine is dominated by the use of rice, coconut, seafood,Kokum, cashew-nuts. With its distinct spices and medium of cooking as coconut oil, both vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian cuisine is evenly popular. In contrast, Maharashtra has some of the finest vineyards in India, with Nashik and Sangli districts being the country’s biggest grape-producing districts.
Climate of Western India
The climate varies among tropical wet, tropical wet and dry, and semi arid. The coastal regions practice modest seasonal variations although the temperatures range between 20 °C to 38 °C. Mumbai and northern Konkan regions experience cooler winters with minimum temperatures floating around 12 °C. Interior Maharashtra experiences hot summers with utmost temperatures averaging 40 °C and mild winters with minimum temperatures averaging about 10 °C. Gujarat also has a warm climate with hot summers and cool winters.
GDP and othe Stats of Western India
The region generates 24.00% of the national GDP of the country, with an annual growth rate of 14.5% as of 2006. The states generate about 23% of the tax revenues of the country. More than 85% of the households have access to electricity. Agriculture employs the majority people in the region, while services have biggest share in the total GDP.
The average literacy rate of West India is around 76%, higher than the national average of 70.5%. The population density is around 290 per square km. The average fertility rate is about 2.2, whereas the average household size is about 4.7.
Western India is a place where you can find a number of varieties in all different sectors. It is a bunch of diverse cultures, traditions, cuisines and people.